12th to 25th Egyptian Dynasties; Developing Chronology

On January 6th I posted a first draft of an attempt to peg the 15th to 18th Egyptian dynasties into the era from around 1145 BC to about 850 BC. Here we will try to expand it forward and backwards, using 701 BC as the date for Twenty-Fifth Dynasty Pharaoh Shebitku's rescue of Jerusalem, and an estimate of 670 BC for Pharaoh Tarhaqa's (the last fully Black African Pharaoh) retreat southward into Nubia.

A rough estimate of the eras for each Dynasty, and probable birth dates for major figures in the 18th Dynasty ruling elite:

12th Dynasty - 1395 BC to 1235 BC

13th Dynasty - 1235 BC to 1175 BC

14th Dynasty - 1190 BC to 1130 BC

15th and 16th (concurrent) Dynasty - c1145 BC to 1065 BC

17th Dynasty - c 1075 BC to c 1020 BC

18th Dynasty - c 1020 BC to 830 BC

Second draft of estimated birth dates for Eighteenth Dynasty luminaries:

Ahmose - 1045 BC

Amenhotep I - 1025 BC

Thutmose I - 1015 BC

Thutmose II - 1000 BC

Thutmose III - 985 BC

Thutmose IV - 968 BC

Amenhotep II - 952 BC

Yuya - 930 BC

Tuya - 923 BC

Amenhotep III - 918 BC

Kiya - 905 BC

Tiye - 901 BC

Aye - 899 BC

Amenhotep IV - 897 BC

Tutankhamun - 870 BC

REVISED estimates Feb 2010:

Ahmose - 1030 BC

Amenhotep I - 1010 BC

Thutmose I - 995 BC

Thutmose II - 980 BC

Thutmose III - 955 BC

Thutmose IV - 935 BC

Amenhotep II - 909 BC

Yuya - 907 BC

Tuya - 902 BC

Aye - 888 BC

Tiye - 886 BC

Amenhotep III - 885 BC

Kiya - 870 BC

Amenhotep IV - 869 BC

Smenkhare - 851 BC

Tutankhamun - 848 BC

Next section dates updated Feb 2010.

19th Dynasty - 830 BC to 790 BC

20th Dynasty - 820 BC to 765 BC

21st Dynasty - 760 BC to 710 BC

22nd Dynasty - 760 BC to 705 BC

23rd Dynasty - 755 BC to 710 BC

24th Dynasty - 730 BC to 720 BC

25th Dynasty - 735 BC to 655 BC

Peace 2 All

350 BC to 310 BC; Organic Chronology of Interesting Events

In this open source review of world history, we are concentrating on the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean royal families that feature so prominently in the Old Testament. Each post is a rough sketch, intended to be fleshed out by comments from you the reader, and expansions of posts by myself. I will also respond to intriguing, intelligent comments, but not always immediately.

Circa 350 BC, Alexander I becomes king of Epirus after his brother-in-law Philip II of Macedon dethrones Alexander's cousin Arymbas, while over in Greece Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Also he discusses logical reasoning in Organon.

Around 330 BC according to wikipedia.org:

• January 20—Alexander the Great defeats the Persians, led by satrap Ariobarzanes, at thePersian Gates. In this battle, Ariobarzan, supported by only 700 Persian Immortals, holds the vast Macedonian army of 17,000 men at bay for 30 days. At the end, his troops are surrounded by Alexander's army, because of a Persian shepherd, who leads it around the Persian defenses. However, instead of surrendering, Ariobarzan and his 700 Immortals fight to the last man. Some historians consider him to be the Leonidas of Persia.
• January 30—After gaining the Pass of the Persian Gates, Alexander enters Persepolis. There he ceremonially burns down the palace of Xerxes I, as a symbol that the Panhellenic war of revenge is at an end.
• Before continuing his pursuit of Darius III, who has retreated into Bactria, Alexander assembles all the Persian treasure and entrusts it to Harpalus, who is to hold it at Ecbatana as chief treasurer. Parmenion is also left behind in Media to manage communications between Alexander and the rest of his rapidly growing lands.

By 320 BC:

• Alexander the Great's various generals control different parts of Alexander's empire. Ptolemy controls Egypt, Seleucus controls Babylon and Syria, Antipaterand his son Cassander control Macedon and Greece, Antigonus controls Phrygia and other parts of Asia Minor, Lysimachus controls Thrace and Pergamum and Eumenes controls theCappadocia and Pontus areas.
• Judea and Syria are annexed by Ptolemy and he gives Judea a large measure of self-government.
• Eudemus makes himself master of the territories of the Indian king Porus, and treacherously puts that monarch to death.

Here is a more recent explanation of Dhul-Qarmayn, Alexander the Great in Muslim tradition.

Persian Empire era 2009 research study by Charles Pope

450 BC to 410 BC; Revised Chronology of Global History

In this organic review of the past 3,000 years, each post represents a preliminary sketch of the time period, with the intention of fleshing it out into a fuller story of the era in the months and years ahead.

It was around 450 BC when Ezra folded the stories of Israel and Judah into the roots of what we know as the Torah today. It was the time of the 27th Dynasty in Egypt, and as Persia had conquered that nation, Persian Emperor Artaxerzes, like Darius and Xerxes before him, also became Pharaoh Artaxerxes.

Between 449 BC and 445 BC Middle Earth was abuzz with activty, as te Twelve Tables are promulgated to the people of Rome—the first public laws of the Roman Republic.

• 449 BC—Romans revolt against thedecemvirate. The decemvirs resign and the tribunate is re-established.
• 449 BC—Herodotus completes his History, which records the events concerning the Persian War. The next year, the Peace of Callias between the Delian League and Persia ended the Persian Wars, and Phidias finished a 9 meter high statue of Athena on the Acropolis.
• In 447 BC, Athens began construction of the Parthenon, at the initiative of Pericles, while in the Battle of Coronea, the Athenians were driven from Boeotia.
• In 445 BC, Pericles declared Thirty Years Peace between Athens and Sparta, while Artaxerxes I issued Nehemiah permission to rebuild Jerusalem.

Circa 440 BC, Zhao Kao Wang became King of the Zhao Dynasty in China, while over in Greece Democritus proposed the existence of individual particles as the root of matter, and he named them atoms.

Sometime around 429 BC the pioneering Greek historian Herodotus died. Circa 413 BC, Tissaphernes, the Persian Satrap of Lydia and Caria, forms an alliance with Sparta.

Television doc illustrates Black Pharaohs from Kush in Ancient Egypt

The Black Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt

27 December 2007

The Black Pharaohs documentary on the Australian Broadcasting Corp.

article from: TV Documentary on Black Egyptian Pharaohs

Dr Vivian Davies claims that a recently discovered set of hieroglyphs proves that, in 800 BC, Egypt was under the rule of black Pharaohs from neighbouring Nubia.

This film examines the impact of these sensational discoveries. “Listen to me you who are upon earth…For I warn of the coming of Kush.”

This inscription details an Egyptian tomb owner’s role in saving Egypt from death and destruction in a war fought with the Kingdom of Kush (modern-day Sudan) in 1600 BC.

Historians have long known about Kush, but relegated its importance to a vassal state of Egypt, significant only for its gold reserves. Early excavations in the Kush capital at Kerma suffered from the innate racism of the archaeologists.

Fabulous grave goods, discovered in the 20th century, were thought to have belonged to Kush’s Egyptian overlords. They didn’t consider that a black African culture could have challenged Egypt’s supremacy.

The inscription exposed the truth. Although it won battles, Kush eventually lost the war, and for the next 1000 years, Egypt had the upper hand. But the inscription served as a warning prophecy to Egypt that it might pay a high price.

The enslaved Kushites would have their revenge. Allowed, and even encouraged, to rebuild their own kingdom along the lines of Egypt, in 747 BC, Kush attacked the Pharaoh’s power in a daring land grab.

The Kushite king, Piye, overthrew the yoke, conquered mighty Egypt and established a 100-year rule of black Pharaohs. Even after being ousted from the Egyptian throne, Kushite kings continued to rule an empire as mighty as any, until the arrival of Alexander the Great.

For a number of years, British Museum archaeologists have been making find after find in the Upper Nile Valley to substantiate this story - huge lost pyramids, burial chambers of 200 workers, and stores of gold.

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