410 BC to 350 BC; Organic Review of 3,000 Years of Global History

Readers are invited to post occurrences and opinions, lives and interpretations relative to the post provided for each time period. Consider this as a first draft, to be expanded in the months and years ahead.

Academia and culture were in conflict with the oppressors in Athens, as Aristophanes' comedies protested war and in 403 BC Socrates refused to cooperate with the 30 tyrants. By 399 BC, Socrates was tried and executed in Athens.

Circa 410 BC, Carthage's Iberian colonies revolt and secede cutting off Carthage's major supply of silver and copper. Hannibal Mago, the grandson of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar (who unsuccessfully invaded Sicily in 480 BC), begins preparations to reclaim Sicily.

Around 400 BC, Artaxerxes II King of Persia appoints Tissaphernes to take over all the districts in Asia Minor over which Artaxerxes II's brother Cyrus had been governor before his revolt. London has its origins on a rise above marshy waters at the point where the Walbrook joins the River Thames. The Celtic king, Belin, rebuilds an earth wall surrounding a few dozen huts and orders a small landing place to be cut into the south side of the wall, along the river front, where a wooden quay is built (approximate date).

Amyrtaeus of Sais successfully completes a revolt against Persian control by gaining control of all of Upper Egypt. By 390 BC, the Pharaoh of Egypt, Hakor (Akoris), concludes a tripartite alliance with Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and Athens. Circa 384 BC, Aristotle was born, and four years later the Egyptian Pharaoh Hakor dies and is succeeded by his son Nepherites II, but he is overthrown by Nectanebo I within the year, ending the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Nectanabo (or more properly Nekhtnebef) becomes the first Pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt.

By 360 BC, with the assistance of King Agesilaus II of Sparta, Nectanebo II deposes Teos and becomes king of Egypt. Teos flees to Susa and makes peace with the Persians. Nectanebo II is reported to have paid the Spartans 230 talents for their help.

Notable births in this era included Philip II of Macedonia (b 382 bc). Chinese astronomers Gan De and Shi Shen, Chinese philosopher and sage Mencius (b 371 bc; expanded upon and expounded teachings of Confucious), and Ptolemy I Soter (b 367 bc). By the middle of the century, Panini describes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Ashtadhyayi. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is today known as Classical Sanskrit.

Also close to 350 BC, Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations, and he discusses logical reasoning in Organon.

490 BC to 450 BC; Open Source Review of 3,000 Years of Global History

Feel free to contribute events and interpretations from and for this time period in the Comments section below. Each post in this series is a preliminary sketch intended to be expanded in the months and years ahead.

Around 489 BC, Aristides the Just was made Archon of Athens, while Hypparchos is ostracized for his efforts to bring peace with Persia. In 487 BC the Athens election was opened up to direct voting by the citizenry, and by 486 BC much of Egypt was revolting against Persian rule.

King Fuchai of Wu oversees the beginning of construction of the Grand Canal of China, joining the Yangtze River with the Huai River, created to move supplies north for troops bordering Song and Lu.

In 485 BC Darius I died and was succeeded by his son Xerxes I. About five years later, Xerxes encourages the Carthaginians to attack the Greeks in Sicily. Under the Carthaginian military leader, Hamilcar, Carthage sends across a large army. Circa 464 BC, Regent King Artabanus of Persia is killed by his charge Artaxerxes I. By 460 BC, Egypt was in full revolt against Persia, starting a six year war. An Athenian force sent to attack Cyprus was diverted to support this revolt.

Around 459 BC, Ezra, the "redactor" of the Old Testament, leads many Jews from exile in Babylon back to the Promised Land in Jerusalem. He reads the newly revised scripture to the people for seven hours straight, and they wonder how he has magically woven the stories of northern Israel and southern Judah into the life and mission of one Chosen People.

The Delian League was founded in Greece about 478 BC with their official meeting place being the island of Delos; in 454 BC their treasury was moved to Athens. In 450 BC Perdiccas II succeeds Alexander I as King of Macedonia, and the teachings of Lao Tzu are spreading in China.

Also in 450 BC, Empedoclese published his On Nature and Purifications, and Greek historian Herodotus describes the Scythians of central Asia throwing hemp onto heated stones under canvas: 'as it burns, it smokes like incense and the smell of it makes them drunk'. Herodotus also claimed that "hemp garments are as fine as linen."

630 BC to 580 BC: A Fresh Look at Global History

Please consider each post in this organic review of 3,000 years of world history as a preliminary piece, to be expanded by you the reader in the Comments section below and by myself through updates and responses to Comments. The period from about 600 BC forward is much better documented than earlier eras, so dates of events can become more accurate.

Circa 627 BC—Death of Assurbanipal, king of Assyria; he is succeeded by Assur-etel-ilani.

The prophet Jeremiah is reported to have ministered and taught from around 626 BC until about 587 BC; if this is accurate, he may have been a "Joseph" to five Kings of Judah: Josiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoichin and Zedekiah. Each of these rulers was likely known by other names to other peoples, and we will try to expand this post to include some of that information in coming months.

Around 619 BC King Zhou Xiang Wang of China passed away, and the next year Zho Qing Wang became King of the Zhou Dynasty. By 600 BC a highly civilized society had emerged in India.

880BC to 830BC; A New Timeline of Ancient World History

By now Musa Akhenaten had moved from Egypt up to Palestine and was reigning as King Rehoboam. The ancient Two Kingdoms of Egypt and Ethiopia Kush were replicated in the New Holy Land as Israel and Judah. Most of the stories in the Old Testament are based on prototypes and archetypes from the Twelfth and Thirteenth dynasties, but the majority of characters and detailed stories are from the Eighteenth Dynasty. King David is a composite of four Egyptian Pharaohs, while Joseph and his brethren of many shades is based on Yuya. Akhenaten, the Sun King who brought monotheism to the Nile, contributes greatly to the second Moses (first Moses likely being Hammurabi) with his son the Boy-King Tutankhamen becoming the second Jeshua who paved the way brilliantly for the third, Aristobulus Jeshua son of Mariamne Boethus.

Over the previous century the first New Jerusalem experiment of moving the Temple Shrine (Holy of Holies) down the river from its historical place in Thebes / Karnak to what is now the elbow in the Nile called Tel Al Amarna, but in Bible Days this region was the scene of a spiritual rebirth of epic proportions and was known as Akhetaten, City of the Sun. By 850 BC a large second wave had left Egypt for the Land of Israel; the first exodus of this generation had been led by Yuya who was renamed Reuel in Palestine, while Akhenaten led an even larger group into the region and took over Jerusalem and the entire areas we would later know as Samaria and Galilee, and the region south through Bethlehem and down to Hebron, which was the welcoming centre for new arrivals. He was reigning as King Rehoboam, and just like had happened in Egypt, initial europhia waned over the months and the difficult environment meant that leadership was constantly being challenged, and Musa Amenhotep IV was now getting up in years.

In India the zero had been invented around 876BC, and though literacy was rising in many nations and the Greek alphabet was taking a form that would soon go international, numeracy was still the realm of magi and wizards. The Arabic numeral system together with the Hindu zero would revolutionize mathematics, laying a foundation for global science that is used unto this day. Within seventy years Indian mathematician Baudhayana's teachings and theory would signal a major leap forward for humanity and pre-date the works of Pythagoras by three centuries.

The Kingdom of Van Urartu rising in Armenia would become a spiritual foundation for the royal family for centuries, even supporting Kings from the families of Jesus in the first and second century and Mohammed in the seventh and eighth centuries, through the Prophets family ties to King Heraclius. Armenia was now becoming a buffer between the European / Middle earth sea nations (Greece, Rome, Egypt, Carthage, Gaul, Spain) and sometime enemies in Assyria to the south and Persia to the East. Armenians were considered even more neutral than Jews, and the nation was something of a Switzerland of the Roman and other eras. yes they were drawn into wars, but the learned to seek peacekeepers as leaders. King Ashoka and King Aristobulus had each come and gone, leaving a legacy of good government and prudent leadership, yet regression was everywhere and people were acting like Jesus had never been here! Ahhh, we are getting ahead of the story.

The nineteenth and twentieth dynasties and the stories of Ramses and of the Chosen are likely where we are headed next, n'est-ce pas?